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Biography On The Greatest Scientists " Sir Albert Einstein " - Gyan Ki Baatein Aur Sangrah

 Biography On The Greatest Scientists "

"Sir Albert Einstein"






“Science can only
be created by
those who are
thoroughly imbued
with the
aspiration toward
truth and
understanding.

Albert was born into a family that already
had its fair share of smart people. His father,
Hermann, had been an excellent student
with a God gift for mathematics. Only
 money problems kept him from
going on to higher education, or college.
In adulthood, Hermann and a cousin
became owners of a company that made
beds. After that, Hermann and his brother,
Jakob.
Albert’s mother, Pauline, came from a very
Great family. Her father made a fortune
selling grain. Pauline went to good schools and she
was a model student. She was well-educated,
which was fairly unusual for a woman at that time.
She also had a great sense of humor,
the arts, particularly music.
Albert, Hermann and Pauline’s first child, was
born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German
town of Ulm. Right from the start, there was
something very different about him. He rarely
spoke for the first few years of his life, whereas
most children begin to talk by about the age of two.


When Albert finally began to talk, he
had a strange habit of speaking his sentences
very softly, over and over, to himself. It was
as if he was trying them out before he let
anyone else hear them. This habit troubled
some of the people around him. The woman
that the Einsteins hired as a maid even called
him the “Dopey One.” However, she and
many others would soon discover that little
Albert was about as far from dopey as
anyone could be.
One of the most important moments in
Albert’s childhood happened when he was
about five years old He became ill and
had to stay in bed for a time.
While there, his father gave
him a compass as a gift.
Young Albert was 
fascinated by this. He was
enthralled by the fact that the
compass’s needle was reacting to an invisible
force rather than some other object touching
or moving it.

His Famous Thought 

“I have no
special talent.
I am only
passionately
curious.

In 1888, after three
years at Petersschule,
Albert began attending
another Munich
school—Luitpold
Gymnasium. He took
many different courses
and again earned good
grades. He was not particularly
fond of all his classes, though. He did
not have a great interest in Greek and
Latin, for example. He did, however, enjoy
receiving instruction on the Hebrew language . He eventually began
to study Christianity and read the Bible as well.
His favorite classes were those involving
mathematics and science. He would learn about
the branch of science called physics when he was
a little bit older. Through his theories in physics,
Albert would make his mark on history.

He also spent a lot of his free time studying
math and science. This not only put him well
ahead of his fellow students but sometimes ahead
of his teachers! By the time he was just 14 years
old, he had a firm understanding of calculus—an
advanced form of mathematics that most people
never grasp in their lifetime.

The Einstein family
suffered a major
setback in 1894 when
the company owned
by Albert’s father filed
for bankruptcy. Albert’s
parents responded
to this misfortune in
a somewhat unusual
way—they moved
to Italy, but they left
Albert behind! They insisted
that he finish his education at Luitpold,
and they set him up in a boardinghouse.
(A boardinghouse is a temporary home that
also provides meals for the people who are
staying there.) Albert continued his studies,
but the whole experience of being alone made
him deeply unhappy.

He was also facing the possibility of being
forced into the military, which was something
he did not want to do. So, Albert left Munich
later that year without properly graduating
from Luitpold Gymnasium—to rejoin his
family in Italy.
Albert’s parents were very upset, but Albert
had no intention of returning to Luitpold.
Instead, he wanted to go to the Swiss
Federal Polytechnic School, also known
as the Zurich Polytechnic.
This was basically a college-
level institution, yet Albert
didn’t even have what
amounted to a high school
diploma. Still, he was
allowed to take the
entrance exams, which
were very difficult. His
scores in math and physics were
exceptional. Swiss Federal still wanted
Albert to attend, but only under the
condition that he finish up his earlier courses.

Albert did this by
enrolling in a secondary
school in Aarau,
Switzerland. During this
time, he was allowed to
stay at the home of one
of the school’s teachers,
Jost Winteler, and he got
along very well with the
entire Winteler family.
It was one of the happiest
times of Albert’s childhood.
When he completed his studies in Aarau, he
returned to his own family feeling more positive
and upbeat than he had in years.
Albert enrolled in the Swiss Federal
Polytechnic School in the fall of 1896. In spite
of his time spent in Aarau, he still wasn’t
really qualified to attend—he was only 17,
and you had to be 18 to be accepted into
Swiss Federal. But they accepted him anyway
because it had become clear by this point
that Albert had a very special mind.

Another important event in Albert’s life
that occurred in 1896 was that he gave up
his German citizenship. In spite of his young
age, Albert had already come to believe that
violence and warfare were the wrong ways
to go about resolving conflicts. He had
left Munich and the Luitpold Gymnasium
in part because he was afraid of being
drafted. Germany was becoming more
aggressive at the time, and even more so by
the late 1890s. Albert was afraid that, even
though he was no longer living in Germany,
he would still be called back for military duty.
So, with his parents’ approval, he gave up his
German citizenship. Albert’s pacifism would be
an important feature of his personality throughout
the rest of his life: In later life, Albert would call
himself a “militant pacifist.”
Albert’s main ambition at the Swiss Federal
Polytechnic School was to earn a teaching
degree. He certainly had the brains for it, and
his gentle, humorous nature would undoubtedly
have made him popular with his
future students. And yet,
Albert made this dream more
difficult by being a somewhat
poor student himself!
For example, Albert
skipped many classes during
his years at Swiss Federal.

Albert often read books on his own when
he was supposed to be in class. These books
were more advanced than those recommended
by the school. In this sense, he really did receive
a tremendous education, absorbing works by
leaders in the fields of math and physics,
as well as other subjects that interested him,
such as philosophy. When it came time for
Albert to take his formal exams, his scores
were outstanding. He eventually graduated
with the degree he so desperately wanted—but
his defiant behavior would have a lasting effect
that made the next stage of his life very
difficult indeed.

Albert had begun to doubt some of the
oldest theories of physics—theories that had
been accepted as fact for centuries. Since he was
always eager to question things, he began
forming theories of his own. He didn’t just
come up with his own theories to be a rebel—he
did it because of his ongoing observations
of the world around him. Albert did not have
all the books and articles that were available on
physics to help him with his ideas. He did,
however, have a good friend named
Michele Angelo Besso.

Michele and Albert had been at the Zurich
Polytechnic together, and then they worked
together at the patent office. (Albert, in fact,
helped him get the job!) Michele had an
excellent understanding of physics and was
happy to discuss it at great length with his
friend. Albert called Michele “the best sounding
board in Europe,” when it came to physics. He
even gave some suggestions that Albert
later claimed to be very helpful.
Once Albert had his theories
together, he was ready to share
them with the world through four
separate papers—and make history
at the same time.
The first of Albert’s
four groundbreaking
papers was published
in Annalen der Physik on June 9.
This paper discussed a way in

which light behaves called the “photoelectric
effect.” At the time, it was thought that light
always moved in continuous waves. Albert
believed that although this was true most of the
time, there were conditions under which light
changed instead into disconnected particles.
These particles would become known as photons,
which were never still, but always moving.

Albert’s first teaching job finally came in
1908, when he was hired as an assistant at the
University of Bern. This position marked
the beginning of what would be a quick
rise in the academic world. His job title
was privatdozent, which meant he could teach
students but was not part of the school’s faculty.
It also meant he did not receive a salary.
Because of this, he had to
keep his job at the patent
office for the time being—
it provided him with
a steady paycheck.
He also likely
knew he
had to do this kind of assistant work before
any school could make him a professor.
The ambitious scientist finally earned his
professorship in mid 1909, at which time he
said goodbye to his job as a patent clerk.
He became an “associate professor” of
theoretical physics, which was a new position
created specifically for him at the University
of Zurich.

Albert also studied
aspects of thermodynamics
and gravity. He was
helped in this research
by an old friend of
his named Marcel
Grossmann. Marcel was
the fellow student at the
Zurich Polytechnic who
took notes during the
lectures that Albert
refused to attend, and then let Albert review
them later on. Albert trusted Marcel completely,
sharing his new ideas in the hope that Marcel
would give him valuable feedback.

***
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics is the study of temperature in relation to
energy. It deals with the movement of energy from one place
to another, and the change from one form to another. Heat
is considered the flow of energy that can be turned into
a specific amount to be used for work. “Work” is what
happens in order to change something about an object.

The way he would reveal his decision
was most unusual. When Planck and another
physicist named Walther Nernst returned to
Zurich, Albert would be waiting for them at the
train station. If he was holding a red rose, it
meant he accepted the position, but a white
rose meant he decided to stay in Switzerland.
Planck and Nernst were deeply relieved when
they got off the train to find Albert with
a red rose in hand.
On a professional level, Albert was probably
more content than he had ever been. His
personal life, however, was falling apart.
His wife, Mileva, had not been happy
with all the moves their family had made to
accommodate Albert’s different teaching
posts. She also did not like the amount of
time Albert was spending with his colleagues
rather than with her and their two sons. By
the time the professorship in Berlin was offered,
Albert and Mileva’s marriage was all but over.
They moved to Berlin in April 1915 so
Albert could start his new job.

Many of Albert’s theories in relativity
were still considered too controversial. So the
Nobel Committee focused on Albert’s work
with the photoelectric effect instead.
Albert wasn’t happy about this,
and when he went to Sweden
to accept the award, he once
again showed off his
rebellious side. During his
acceptance speech, he talked
about his relativity theories
instead of the photoelectric
effect, much to the shock
of everyone present!

In 1921, Albert was told that he had
been selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics.
He was given the prize for his general
contributions to theoretical physics, but
specifically for his work on the “photoelectric
effect.” The photoelectric effect occurs when
light strikes a surface (usually metal) at a certain
frequency so that it causes electrons to be
released from that surface. Albert wrote about
this in his first “miracle year” paper in 1905.


Now that he had thousands of people
listening to his every word, he often spoke
about the importance of finding a way for
all nations to exist peacefully together. He
also joined a group called the “Committee on
Intellectual Cooperation.” It was a part of the
League of Nations, an organization formed at
the end of World War I. The Committee’s
purpose was to discuss ideas on how world
peace might be achieved.
Albert used his connections through the
League of Nations to encourage scientists of
all fields to work across national borders for
the sake of exchanging ideas, to move science
forward without interference from politics.


Albert was a strong believer in pacifism,
which means that he was against war and
thought that people should find peaceful ways
to work out their differences. Following the
rise of Hitler, however, his beliefs were
challenged. In Germany, Hitler and the Nazis
were targeting and attacking Jews in many
different ways. They destroyed Jewish
synagogues and businesses, and they arrested
and murdered people of the Jewish faith.
By the end of the 1930s, Hitler’s Nazis had
taken over many of Germany’s neighboring
countries. This lead to the start of World
War II (1939–45).

Deeply worried about the
horrific events unfolding in
Europe, Albert and another
German-Jewish physicist, Leo
Szilard, sent a letter to then-
US president Franklin D.
Roosevelt. In the letter, they
warned Roosevelt that Hitler was
working with scientists who supported Nazism
to develop an atomic bomb. This was now
possible because of the recent discovery of
nuclear fission—a process during which an
atom releases huge amounts of energy after
being split.

The Manhattan Project grew into one
of the most important military developments
in history. It was supported not only by the US
government, but also by Great Britain and
Canada. With only a few dozen workers at
the beginning, it had more than 125,000 at the
end. It also used the talents of some of the most
respected scientists of the day, including
Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, and J. Robert
Oppenheimer. Albert, however, was not part
of it. Because he was a pacifist, the government
did not want to give him information about it.
In fact, the project was
conducted in such
secrecy that Albert
never even knew
about it—until
August 1945,
that is.
Dr. J. Robert

The bombs were dropped on August 6,
1945, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and
on August 9, 1945, on Japan’s seaport town of
Nagasaki. The use of the bombs forced Japan
to surrender, officially ending World War II.
However, the death toll—thought to be as high
as a quarter of a million Japanese citizens—filled
Albert with tremendous regret. Although it was
Szilard who wrote the letter to Roosevelt that
led to the development of the bombs, Albert
knew it was the strength of his own support
that helped get the president’s
attention. When Albert
realized that his research was
used to help create the most
destructive weapon in history,
his regret only deepened.
In his later years, he would
consider his support of the
bombs’ development the greatest mistake of
his life—yet he still felt it had to be done in
order to stop Hitler from developing one first.
It didn’t take Albert long to realize that
the world was entering a new age following the
development of the atomic bomb. What this
meant was that humans were now capable
of immense power that could destroy the world
around them. Because of this, people would
need to use that power responsibly.
To encourage this, Albert got involved
with the National Committee on Atomic
Information, which represented dozens
of educational, civic, and religious
organizations. Since the development
of the atomic bomb had been a
secret project from the beginning,
ordinary citizens did not know of
its existence until bombs were
used to end the war. Because of
the terrifying power of atomic
energy, Albert felt it was essential
to educate the public

Albert adored music—Mozart
and Bach were his favorite
composers. He also
enjoyed playing his
violin, and would
continue to do so into
old age. He wasn’t the
greatest player, but he was

On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live to complete it.

Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly." He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of , having continued to work until near the end.

During the autopsy, the pathologist of Princeton Hospital, Thomas Stoltz Harvey, removed Einstein's brain for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the neuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent. Einstein's remains were cremated in Trenton, New Jersey,[183] and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.


In a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965 at UNESCO headquarters, nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer summarized his impression of Einstein as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn."


Source :- 

DK Life Stories - Albert Einstein-  By Wil Mara
www.dk.com

Wikipedia.org

Page :- Albert Einstein
Topic Death
From ( 178 ) to ( 186 )


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