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Biography On The Greatest Scientists " Sir Albert Einstein " - Gyan Ki Baatein Aur Sangrah

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  Biography On The Greatest Scientists  " " Sir Albert Einstein " “Science can only be created by those who are thoroughly imbued with the aspiration toward truth and understanding. ” Albert was born into a family that already had its fair share of smart people. His father, Hermann, had been an excellent student with a God gift for mathematics. Only  money problems kept him from going on to higher education, or college. In adulthood, Hermann and a cousin became owners of a company that made beds. After that, Hermann and his brother, Jakob. Albert’s mother, Pauline, came from a very Great family. Her father made a fortune selling grain. Pauline went to good schools and she was a model student. She was well-educated, which was fairly unusual for a woman at that time. She also had a great sense of humor, the arts, particularly music. Albert, Hermann and Pauline’s first child, was born on March 14, 1879, in the southern German town of Ulm. Right f

Learning About Cloud Computing - Gyan ki baatein aur sangrah

   Learning About    Cloud Computing


CHAPTER 1-CLOUD BASICS


1.1 What is Cloud?

A Cloud is a virtual server that is used to store, access, secure, run or host an application / data from anywhere in the world using internet services. In other words, a cloud is a collection of servers in a data center across the world that can be used to store or access the data virtually rather than in a physical data center.

Get better Understanding: No Cloud exists in this real world. A cloud is nothing but a Cloud Provider's physical data center that is available in any region in the world. The service provided by a Cloud-provider to people across the globe to access its cloud is called Cloud Computing. People can access its cloud using internet services.

1.2 Servers and Data Centers

1. A Server:

A Server is a hardware device that provides services to users. These services can be in any form like providing web services, storage services, security services, compute services etc., In simple terms, server is a hardware used to run or host an application.

There are different types of servers for different purposes. The servers used to host a web are called as Web Servers, those that are used to store data are called as Storage Servers, those that are used to provide computing services are called as Computing Servers, those that are used to run or host an application are called as Application Servers and so on.

A Server is designed to do a specific task and provides the resources to the requesting client. For example, In mail server, it accepts and stores the emails and then it delivers it to the client who is requesting.

2. Data Center:

A Data Center is a collection of servers in a dedicated space or building to house the data, computer servers and systems along with its components. There are different types of Data Centers such as Enterprise Data centers, Managed services data centers, Colocation data centers and Cloud data centers. Data centers are provided by an organization or company to provide services to their users.







Cloud Providers

An organization or a company that provides Information Technology (IT) as a service is called a cloud provider. They offer their off-premis data center to share resources or data to their customers. There are different types of cloud providers such as,

1. Amazon Web services

2. Microsoft Azure

3. Google Cloud Platform

4. IBM

5. Oracle 6. SalesForce

7. Alibaba Cloud etc.,

Cloude Providers Market across the world

AWS MICROSOFT AZURE

GCP Others

Fig. 1.3 Cloud Providers contribution globally

For example, AWS share their resources through their data centers globally through regions, availability zones and edge locations.

A Region is a virtual geographical area that consists of two or more availability zones. Availability Zone is a collection of data centers in a region. Edge Location is also a availability zone that is used for caching the contents that are static to host a web and provides better latency.


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1.4 Why Cloud?

Lets consider the following scenario. Ram has started a start-up - IT company and he is very much confused to select the type of data center that whether to go on-premise or virtually. So, now he has two cases to go with,

CASE 1

CASE 2

USING AN ENTERPRISE DATA-CENTER

USING A CLOUD DATA-CENTER

Ram also needs to consider the factors that can highly benefit him such as cost savings, flexibility, scalability, security, mobility, insight, increased collaboration, loss prevention, disaster recovery, quality control, automation, sustainability, migration, competitive edge, environmental conditions etc.,

1.4.1 Cost Savings

Cloud simplifies an user's access by saving time and money in a project start-up. If an user is worried about the cost he is paying for the features that he didn't use in his on-premise data center, then he should move to cloud. Because, most of the cloud services are pay as you go model, which allows an user to pay only for what he use. For example, if an user has to run a server for 6 hours daily for a month, he can run those servers only in that particular time and those servers can be stopped at the rest of the time. Thereby, he is charged only for the time he use the server on cloud. But whereas, in on-premise data center, though you run your servers for a particular time, you will be charged in a day basis charge and not like pay as you go model. By allowing users to go with Pay-as-you-go model, cloud services becomes the most cost-effective way for many IT start-up companies. The pay-as-you-go system also applies to the data storage space that is needed to service one's stakeholders or clients, which means that the user will get exactly as much space as he need, and not be charged for any space that he don't. Taken together, these factors result in lower costs and higher returns.




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1.4.2 Migrating an Organization

Migrating an organization from one place to another is not that easy. Considering the factors, such as travelling efforts, human activities, security during the migration process from one place to another physically, it is very much easy to transfer all data virtually. For example, Ram needs to migrate his data center from Chennai to Bangalore. Considering case 1, he needs more man power and human activities to move all those servers physically via a truck or a vehicle from Chennai to Bangalore. And again, he has to pay for those who work to carry those servers. In addition, it costs additional charges for travelling and to provide the security to those data. Then, after reaching the destination place, it takes additional time to reset all servers to function like before. Thus, when Ram shifts his company from Chennai to Bangalore, he faces the following challenges, 1. Human efforts/ man power

2. Excess time

3. Additional charges for workers and travelling

4. Additional security to prevent the vehicle from accident

5. Security to the data inside servers

6. Environmental conditions such as climate etc.,

7. Slow service deployment

8. Delay in business continuity

9. Complex infrastructure design makes the situation more worse So, these 9 issues are the major factors to be considered when migrating a

company from one place to another. Let's consider the case 2. Now when Ram tries to move his infrastructure from one to another on cloud, he can simply use Cloud migration services for further activities. These migration services reduce all human efforts and time that needed to move those virtual servers by just a click. Every content and data are moved from one region to another region on cloud virtually, with encryption that provides security too. Additionally, it reduces effort for the infrastructure design and can continue the business within hours rather than waiting for days. Thus, cloud services simplifies a migration effort for a company by solving all these issues.

1.4.3 Mobility

Cloud also allows mobile access to the data in the data center either through smart phones or devices while 2.5 billion mobiles are being used by people globally. Staff or workers with busy schedule or those who live far apart from a company can use this feature to work with their clients or co-workers through cloud. Through the cloud, you can also offer conveniently accessible information to sales workers who travel,or to freelance employees, or to remote employees, for better work-life balance. Therefore, it's not surprising to see that organizations/ companies with employee satisfaction listed as a priority are up-to 25% are more likely to expand cloud usage. On other hand, when using on-premise data centers, making available this feature makes additional charges to the employer and maintanance services.

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1.4.6 Loss Prevention and Disaster Recovery

The data stored in servers that are used for on-premise data centers may be considered safe. But if the on-premise data center not uses cloud, the information stored in it are said to be at risk. It is always safe to connect the on-premise data center with cloud using cloud services like VPN connection etc for loss prevention or disaster recovery. For example, If Ram owns a company at YYY place and soon over the place is flooded, the data stored in his company will be completely lost and there is no chance for recovery. In this scenario he has two choices to go with. Both the choices use cloud for backup. One way is that by copying all data in the company to cloud by directly connecting the office servers to cloud servers and backing-up the data. This might take 1-4 hours depending upon the storage of those servers. Thus before the occurrence of a natural disaster like flood or red alert to a particular place, a company can move its data to a virtual cloud and can provide back-up. The second case is that moving to cloud permanently. Moving to cloud, ensures the security of the data 24/7 all time. Cloud also has disaster recovery services like providing multiple availability zones where you can store your data across different Availability Zones or Regions so that if one server goes down, rest of the servers in the other zones will be there to serve as a backup for a company that ensures no data is lost. Thus cloud plays a vital role in securing the data by preventing the loss or disaster recovery.

1.4.7 Flexibility

Many organizations nowadays use many servers for storage and back-end purposes and this becomes a huge task for those organizations to maintain and host over those servers. Since a company or an organization should completely rely and focus on its goal, it should not rely much on maintaining and processing servers for data storage and protection. In simple terms, a company can use cloud services where its data are being continuously monitored and taken care by the cloud providers, which offers more flexibility to a company in focusing more on its goal. The cloud offers businesses more flexibility overall versus hosting on a local server. And, if you need extra bandwidth, a cloud-based service can meet that demand instantly, rather than undergoing a complex (and expensive) update to your IT infrastructure. This improved freedom and flexibility can make a significant difference to the overall efficiency of your organization.

1.4.8 Sustainability and Eco-friendly

Real sustainability requires solutions that address wastefulness at every level of a business. Hosting on the cloud is more environmentally friendly and results in less of a carbon footprint. Cloud infrastructures support environmental pro-activity, powering virtual services rather than physical products and hardware, and cutting down on paper waste, improving energy efficiency, and (given that it allows employees access from anywhere with an internet connection) reducing commuter-related emissions.



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1.4.9 Insights and Monitoring

Cloud provides various monitoring tools for tracking data and users who are accessing the servers, which greatly eliminates the need for manual management and security of physical data servers. Many cloud-based storage solutions offer integrated cloud analytics for a bird's-eye view of your data. With your information stored in the cloud, you can easily implement tracking mechanisms and build customized reports to analyse information organization wide. From those insights, you can increase efficiencies and build action plans to meet organizational goals.

1.4.10 Improved Collaboration

If your business has two employees or more, then you should be making collaboration a top priority. After all, there isn't much point to having a team if it is unable to work like a team. Cloud computing makes collaboration a simple process. Team members can view and share information easily and securely across a cloud-based platform. Some cloud-based services even provide collaborative spaces to connect employees across your organization, therefore increasing interest and engagement. Collaboration may be possible without a cloud-computing solution, but it will never be as easy, nor as effective.

Now Ram must go for Case 2, to meet his needs considering these factors

and reasons





CHAPTER 2- CLOUD COMPUTING

2.1 What is Cloud Computing?

The on demand delivery of IT resources or Computing services such as storage, management, security services by cloud providers through internet is called Cloud

Computing.

Get better Unde anding: Cloud is nothing but the delivery of IT services via internet to users across the globe. These services include computing, storage,management, security, database, and other IT services that are completely provided virtually through a cloud provider's physical data centers. Instead of buying and maintaining the physical servers and data centers, you can access the technology services that are already built by a cloud provider for on needed basis of a customer.

2.2 Who uses Cloud Computing?

Each and every organization nowadays use cloud for variety of use cases such as data security, loss prevention, disaster recovery, virtual desktop servers, big data analytics, machine learning services and deployments, managing data, management of users, web hosting, web applications, software development and testing, customer services and storage purposes. Let us look at some popular organizations that uses cloud and the reason behind their usage in short.

Organization Organization

Field Entertainment

Social Media:

Search Engine

Music

Name Netflix

Instagram

Google

Spotify

Why they use Cloud?

To scale its server for online streaming contents

To handle users growth and scalability

To provide storage for users and store user data

To store online streaming music and traffic

management

Thus many organizations succeeded by using cloud services for customer's satisfication and to improve their quality of service. Also organizations such as Apple, Amazon, Coursera, Facebook, and many other uses cloud for providing better and secure service to the customer's needs.


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2.3 History of Cloud Computing

In early days, mainframe computers were huge and very expensive. This led most of the organizations to buy some machines and then implement "time-sharing" schedules so that their return on investment (ROI) would be as great as possible. With time-sharing resources, several users from different places could access a mainframe computer from connected stations that carried no processing power of their own. This type of shared computational power is the basic premise of the cloud.

In 1955, John McCarthy, who originally coined the term "artificial intelligence," created a concept of sharing computing time among an entire group of users. Getting the most out of computing time was an important consideration in the 1950s because it could cost upwards of several million dollars. It was a ridiculously expensive asset, and maximizing it was a top priority among those who were shelling out the cash for the technology. Small companies couldn't even afford to use computers, making moving to the type of automation enjoyed by larger companies impossible. McCarthy's theory of "time-sharing" would be essential in helping get the most out of the computing time available, as well as making computing time available to smaller companies that couldn't afford to buy their own mainframes.

As technology evolved, the idea of cloud computing moved ahead incrementally, with little major advancement until the last year of the 1960s. In the mid-1960s, an American computer scientist named J.C.R. Licklider came up with an idea for an interconnected system of computers. In 1969, Licklider's revolutionary idea helped Bob Taylor and Larry Roberts develop something known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). ARPANET is widely known as the "predecessor of the Internet" and was the first network that allowed digital sources to be shared among computers that were not in the same physical location. Licklider also envisioned a world where everyone would be connected; to have the ability to access specific programs and data, regardless of where the access point might be located. If this sounds familiar, that's because it should; it's what is known today as "cloud computing." Licklider, then, deserves recognition as perhaps one of the most important people in the creation of the modern Internet and cloud computing. It wouldn't be hyperbolic to call him the father of cloud computing technology.

The decades that followed, from the 1970s to the 1990s, saw many advancements in the technology required for true cloud computing, Computer giant IBM, for example, released an operating system in 1972 called the VM (Virtual Machine) operating system. The 1990s saw several telecommunications companies offer their own versions of virtualized private networks (VPNs).

Once it started to spread, cloud computing caught on quickly and just kept growing. While there is some dispute about the term's origin, cloud computing was already a vibrant and growing asset for companies, educational facilities, and many others by 1996.










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2.4 Service Models

Cloud Computing services are categorized into three types such as Paas, laas, Saas. Each service type provides different levels of flexibility, control over servers, security and management so that user can select his own appropriate choice of service.

2.4.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service provides the basic building blocks for Cloud. It provides access to the Networking parts of the cloud and virtual servers or machines for computing purposes along with storage. It also provides highest level of flexibility and manages control over an user's IT resources.

2.4.2 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service model provides the underlying infrastructure, that is the user need not take care of his infrastructure part such as servers, hardwares or operating systems. Instead, the user can fully focus on the application deployment and management of the users data.

2.4.3 Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service model provides the user a complete application or a product that is fully managed and controlled by the service provider. SaaS is mainly used for end-user applications such as G-mail service provided by Google. In addition, application deployment and infrastructure of the software are maintained by the Cloud. These are the major service models. Apart from these services, many

other services are available such as,

1. Storage as a Service (STaas)

2. Network as a Service 3. Database as a Service

4. Security as a Service

5. Testing as a Service

6. Management as a Service

7. Integration as a Service

8. Information as a Service

2.5 Cloud Deployment Models

Based on deployment models, Cloud is classified into 5 types,

1. Public Cloud

2. Private Cloud 3. Community Cloud

4. Hybrid Cloud

5. Distributed Cloud



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2.6 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The essential six characteristics of Cloud Computing as per NIST and ISO are,

1. On demand self-service

Cloud provides self service without human intervention and action. All cloud services require no human interaction to connect with, thereby making all the on-demand services to serve automatically whenever the client requests a service from the

cloud provider.

2. Broad Network access

Cloud services can be accessed from anywhere from any devices such as laptops, desktops or mobile phones in the world through the network or internet services unlike other technologies.

3. Resource Pooling

All IT resources are pooled together such as storage, computing, security services to meet the customer's need and demand with number of virtual servers available in the data center over regions across the globe.

4. Rapid Elasticity

Automatic scaling up or down the servers or instances based on the CPUs usage or customer needs. This greatly reduces the users cost by optimizing accordingly.

5. Measured Service

Cloud always provides a secure and measured services such as monitoring the users entering the particular IP address or the data being transmitted and can trigger a alarm to the user based on dead time or limits set by the user to alert.

6. Multi Tenancy

Most Cloud services uses multi tenancy model. It allows users to run one server or instance thereby allowing many customers to update through it or use it thereby

reducing huge cost.




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CHAPTER 4-CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

Cloud Computing is usually described in one of the two ways either as service types or deployment models. Deployment model is of five types - Public, Private, Hybrid, Community, Distributed. Each organization use different models according to their need.

4.1 Public Cloud

Public cloud is defined as the computing deployment model that offers the access to IT resources over public internet, so that anyone can access to the content or web provided by a third party organization. They may be free of cost or sold on demand that can charge accordingly per usage. It provides the easy access to the resources whenever and wherever an user needs, thereby reducing the cost and burden of ongoing hardware and database management. Flexibility, scalability, agility, cost effective are some of the advantages of public cloud.









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4.2 Private Cloud

Private Cloud is a Cloud computing model that is operated specifically to a particular company or an organization. The access to public is strictly restricted in this type of cloud. Only the people or organization who has access to this cloud access through it. It is possible to select the particular choice of people who can work and who don't need to. In other terms, it is also referred to a internal or corporate cloud that is dedicated to a single organization or a corporate company. It can be managed either internally or by the third party and can be hosted externally or behind the company firewall.

The difference between both the clouds is that, public cloud shares the resources to the public client whereas the private cloud share its resources like infrastructure, storage, servers etc to their own organization so that public cannot get access into it. It provides higher security than the public cloud by restricting access for sensitive data to the third party organizations.

PRIVATE CLOUD

PUBLIC CLOUD

Publicly shared virtual resources

Supports multiple customers

Supports Internet connectivity

Suited for less confidential

information

PRIVATE CLOUD

Privately shared virtual resources

Supports cluster of dedicated customers

Supports Private network connection

Suited for secured confidential information

Though Private Cloud has many advantages in security of the data, privacy, scalability features, it has a drawback too. The private company which is availing the cloud, is purely responsible for cost and management of the private cloud. Thus, private cloud requires the same staffing, management and maintenance services as traditional or on-premise data centers which would result in more cost. Authorized users can access private cloud applications through the company's intranet or through a closed virtual private network (VPN). For this purpose, users are provided with the necessary authentication rights to access cloud services. As a rule, external access to a private cloud is secured by a firewall.





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4.3 Hybrid Cloud

NIST definition of Hybrid Cloud: The cloud infrastructure in hybrid model is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds).

In a hybrid cloud model, an organization's cloud deployment is split between public and private cloud infrastructure. Sensitive data remains within the private cloud where high security standards can be maintained. Operations that do not make use of sensitive data are carried out in the public cloud where infrastructure can scale to meet demands and costs are reduced. Hybrid deployment architectures can be complex and challenging to create and maintain due to the potential disparity in cloud environments and the fact that management responsibilities are typically split between the private cloud provider organization and the public cloud provider.

HYBRID CLOUD

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

4.4 Distributed Cloud

Distributed Cloud is a cloud model which is shared between multiple systems that is distributed across different locations in the world. With this implementation, an organization or a company can provide low latency and increase the performance for cloud operations to their end customers. In distributed cloud infrastructure, network functions and customer applications can share the same resources, which allows for a variety of business models and use cases. These use cases are Network applications, Content delivery networks, video processing, IOT data streaming process, enterprise hybrid cloud, machine learning, AR/VR applications etc., Hence, to provide better latency to an organization, distributed cloud is always a great choice..




COMMUNITY CLOUD

The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises. Community clouds are intended to provide a complete cloud solution for specific business community. Business share infrastructure provided by the cloud-service providers for software and development tools that are designed to meet community needs. Salesforce.com is one of the best example of Community Cloud.




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CHAPTER 5-CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

5.1 Introduction to Virtualization

Virtualization is the concept of creating the virtual version of something, rather than the actual one. Eg. Virtual servers, operating system, storage, network etc., In simple terms, it is described as running multiple operating systems on a single system, sharing all the hardware parts of the OS virtually through cloud.

Get better Understanding: A thing exists, but not visible. This concept is called virtualization in general. In cloud computing, it defines the same, but it points to the servers and technologies. For example, Ram uses a system or laptop at his home with OS being already installed, servers attached to that. But in cloud computing, we buy servers from the cloud provider's infrastructure for rent. In former case, the server is physically available which he can see, change or displace it from his PC or anything he can do with it. But in later, the servers are available only through the internet, from the cloud provider's own physical data center through a service called Cloud computing. In this case, the user cannot see or touch his server while in former he can. This concept is called Virtualization, Cloud Computing fully uses Virtualization technology and hence cloud servers are always called as virtual servers..

Virtualization is of different types. Hardware, operating system servers and storage etc.,

1. Hardware Virtualization

Hardware Virtualization is done abstracting the physical hardware layer by Virtual Machine Manager (VMM). In other terms, the concept of virtual machine software or virtual machine manager that is installed directly on hardware system is known as Hardware Virtualization. After virtualization of hardware system we can install different operating system on it and run different applications on those OS.

2. Operating system Virtualization

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed on the Host operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known as operating system virtualization. It is mainly used for testing the applications on different platforms of OS such as windows, linux etc.,

3. Server Virtualization

When VMM is directly installed on server system, it is called as server virtualization. Server virtualization is done because a single physical server can be divided into multiple servers on the demand basis and for balancing the load.

4. Storage Virtualization

Grouping of physical storage from multiple network storage devices or providing storage as a service through Cloud computing is called as storage virtualization. It is also implemented using software applications. Storage virtualization is mainly used by popular organizations or brands like Netflix, Google, Spotify to store the data for backup and recovery purposes.




A cloud consumer may request service from a cloud broker instead of contacting a cloud provider directly. The cloud broker may create a new service by combining multiple services or by enhancing an existing service.Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers.A cloud consumer may request cloud services from a cloud provider directly or via a cloud broker. A cloud auditor conducts independent audits and may contact the others to collect necessary information. Thus, the actors defined by NIST Cloud reference model are greatly helpful to carry the data from one end to another.





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5.3 Cloud Networking

Networking is the concept of connecting one or more devices through a path that consists of some connecting mediums. In IT terms, it is defined as the exchanging or transporting a data between nodes over a shared medium. Cloud computing network is also same as the concept of networking, but it takes place virtually rather than physically.

Cloud Networking is a type of IT infrastructure in which an organization's or a company's resources and data are hosted in cloud ( public or private that is completely managed by the cloud service provider. An organization can build their own IT network infrastructure or use cloud network resources based on the demand. Cloud network resources may include virtual routers, firewalls, bandwidth and other network management resources.

CLOUD USER

CLOUD PROVIDER

CLOUD NETWORK

ROUTER

ROUTER

By using a cloud network, an organization or a business company can deliver content more rapidly, reliably, and securely, without having to bear the costs and difficulties of building and operating its own network. A variety of organizations may find value in using cloud networking resources, such as web content providers, e-commerce businesses, cloud service providers, enterprises using public or private cloud services, or network operators looking to extend their network reach.

How does Cloud Networking work?

Cloud networking allows users to build networks using cloud-based services. A reliable cloud network provides centralized management, control and visibility, for example, managing devices in different physical locations using the internet. It can be used for connectivity, security, management and control.

Using cloud architecture in thousands of different locations globally, cloud networking allows organizations to deliver content faster and monitor their devices and operations in real-time. It also helps to keep them abreast of any network security issues, including monitoring high volumes of traffic.




Advantages of Cloud Networking

A cloud network is instrumental in the delivery of digital content for a multitude of industries. It offers the following benefits:

. Versatility - With the increasing availability of online content, many enterprises have turned to cloud networking for better content distribution. It can be used for web content providers, e-commerce retailers, cloud service providers, organizations using public or private cloud services, or network operators looking to extend their network reach.

• Speed - Using a cloud network guarantees the faster delivery of content. This means

that content has less physical distance to travel between servers, giving the final end

users faster access.

• Reliability - Cloud security solutions available as part of cloud networking ensure that users are protected from the latest web security threats. There is also less risk of server downtime thanks to server load balancing.

Cost-saving - By using a cloud network, organizations can save money on building and operating their own networks, as well as avoiding the potential technical issues that come with these.






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5.4.1 Components of Cloud Computing Architecture:

Cloud computing architecture is divided into two parts as back end and front-end. This architecture is the cloud provider's infrastructure of the cloud components and their design.

1. Front-end Front end of the architecture is used and controlled by the client. It may contain the applications that provide access to the cloud computing technology provided by the cloud provider. Web servers, mobiles, desktops can come under this category.

2. Back-end It is used by the Cloud service provider. It manages all the services. that are required to provide the service to client. It includes virtual servers, storage, security and traffic control mechanisms.

3. Client Infrastructure Provides Graphical User Interface for the client to interact with cloud and it is a frond end part.

4. Application: A software or a platform that a client wants to access in the back-end of the cloud service.

5. Service: These are the basic cloud service models IAAS, PAAS, SAAS provided by the cloud provider to their customers on pay-as-you-go pricing model.

6. Infrastructure It provides services on the host level, application level,

and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

7. Management Management is done for the cloud back-end components such as providing security to the servers and all hardware, protecting it from environmental factors, encrypting the user data, triggering the alarms, proctoring the activities etc., services that are offered by the provider to do manager tasks.

8. Run-time: Run-time cloud provides the execution environment to the cloud

9. Storage and databases: It is one of the important services and a component in the cloud computing architecture. It provides the storage for user data virtually to the end customers, and also the data can be stored in databases and can be queried at anytime anywhere in the world according to the company's need.

10. Security An in-built back end component providing security to the underlying infrastructure and the back-end components



11. Networking Networking part of the cloud computing is completely maintained by the service provider which includes components such as switches, routers, hubs for exchanging the user data between nodes through the medium. A default IP address and subnets are provided for the user and the servers are connected to it. The user can allow the incoming and outgoing traffic to the subnets which consists of the virtual servers. Load balancers are also attached to this network to control the traffic to servers in a efficient way.

12. Internet: Internet acts as the medium through which the front-end components and back-end components can communicate with each other. The cloud services are provided only through the internet to their end users.


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